impact that suicide may have on family members. Caution is needed because these are post hoc explanations that require further study. Psychopathy and PA are related but not interchangeable constructs, and prior research, though limited, does not support that the interpersonal and affective domain of psychopathy is positively associated with suicide attempts (Verona, Hicks, & Patrick, 2005). Overall, results indicate the need to reconsider the RA-suicidal behavior hypothesis by suggesting that PA may also be important to consider, at least among men. Males are at elevated risk for substance use disorders, suicide deaths, and violence, and indeed PA may be considered a stereotypically male form of aggression. Additional studies are needed to replicate our results and advance a more thorough understanding of the role of proactive aggression in suicidal behavior among substance abusers and other high-risk groups.
