One possible explanation for this discrepancy, as it pertains to the association of CPA and AUD, is that AA and EA populations may have differing acculturation of harsh physical punishment, with AA adolescents viewing the use of physical discipline as more normative than their EA counterparts (Deater-Deckard et al., 2003). Therefore, AA respondents may be less likely to categorize harsh physical punishment as a trauma (on checklist assessment) but may still endorse the behavior when queried directly in a behavioral assessment. However, the impacts of race and source of CPA assessment on the association with AUD have yet to be addressed.