like neuroimaging should help us explore how effective interventions like CBT may affect cognitive functions and identify markers of who responds to CBT (Chung et al., 2016; Konarski et al., 2009; Morgenstern, Naqvi, Debellis, & Breiter, 2013; Potenza, Sofuoglu, Carroll, & Rounsaville, 2011). It will take some time before this approach bears fruit, as we are far from being able to reliably disentangle changes associated with delivery of common or specific treatment elements, natural recovery that occurs during prolonged abstinence, premorbid cognitive functioning and drug-related changes in cognitive function (Chung et al., 2016) or understanding the neuroscience of successful abstinence (Garavan, Brennan, Hester, & Whelan, 2013). Nevertheless, the future of our field may lie in demonstrating that behavioral therapies like CBT are indeed biological therapies (Kandel, 1998).
