Religiosity and spirituality were measured in the Wave 2 NESARC. Although the direction of causality thus cannot be inferred, these measures were examined because of their strong associations with substance use, SUD and recovery in the literature (e.g., Kelly et al., 2010; Koenig and Vaillant, 2009; Miller 1998; Prescott et al., 1997; Robinson et al., 2007; Zemore, 2007). Religiosity refers to frequency of attendance at religious services, whereas spirituality measures the importance of religious and spiritual beliefs in daily life.
