with mRNA level differences found that could reflect altered neurotransmitter release. Using a whole brain analysis of inbred long-sleep and inbred short-sleep mice, Xu et al. (2001) detailed expression differences for metabolic-associated genes with higher levels seen in the long-sleep mice. In a comprehensive transcriptome meta-analysis of gene expression differences across a number of different mouse strains, Mulligan et al. (2006) identified several cis-regulated candidate genes for an ethanol preference QTL on chromosome 9.