The UK Biobank (UKB) comprises of ~500,000 individuals recruited from the UK, aged from 40 to 69 years old. Participants were genotyped using two genotyping arrays, the Affymetrix UK BiLEVE AxiomTM Array and UK Biobank AxiomTM Array. Each participant provided written informed consent. The North West Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee (MREC) approved the study and all participants in the UKB study analysed here provided written informed consent. Additional study and quality control details are shown in Bycroft et al.44. The approach to infer the ancestry of each individual is described in Yengo et al.45. We firstly projected each individual of UKB onto the genotypic principal components (PCs) calculated in 2000 participants of 1KGP22. We only extracted individuals from four ancestries in the 1KGP, namely, European ancestry (EUR, N = 503), South-Asian ancestry (SAS, N = 489), East-Asian ancestry (EAS, N = 504) and African ancestry (AFR, N = 504). We excluded African Caribbeans in Barbados (ACB) and Americans of African Ancestry in SW USA (ASW) populations from AFR and all individuals of American ancestry (AMR) considering their complex admixture patterns.
