participants in the Yale-Penn samples than SAGE who met the maximum number of (i.e., seven) OD criteria supports that interpretation. Also, compared to our (Yale-Penn) samples, the SAGE samples were recruited for alcoholism (42), cocaine dependence (43), or nicotine dependence (44), rather than OD. Therefore, a much higher percentage of opioid-exposed individuals in SAGE are “controls”: viz. individuals who used opioids fewer than 11 times lifetime and would have skipped out of the remainder of the SSAGA opioid section and had a null criterion count (Supplementary figure 1). Additionally, the relative percentage of opioid-exposed individuals varies considerably across our three Yale-Penn EA samples because of the different recruiting epochs, although the assessment protocol did not change: the earlier Yale-Penn samples were more focused on OD recruitment than the later ones.
