Correlates of recovery from alcohol dependence have been identified through multiple study designs characterized by different strengths and limitations. Treatment studies represent only individuals who enter the treatment system, comprising just one quarter to one half of those with lifetime dependence in the United States and Canada (Dawson et al., 2005; Cunningham and Breslin, 2004). Not only are these individuals selected for severity of dependence, but there is contradictory evidence as to whether they differ from untreated individuals on correlates of recovery [Dawson et al., 2005, 2006a; Blomqvist 2002; Cunningham et al., 2000; Matzger et al., 2005; Moos and Moos, 2005; Moos et al., 2006; Sobell et al., 1996; Timko et al., 2000; Tucket, 1995). Treatment studies also may exclude individuals who have participated in 12-step or other mutual help groups without formal treatment.
