Population stratification and cryptic relatedness were addressed during the generation of summary statistics by each local study through the use of kinship-based linear mixed models54 and genetic principal components55. Residual stratification was further corrected at the meta-analytic level with study-specific genomic controls56 (calculated separately for variants with MAF ≥ 1% and .1%≤MAF<1%; Supplementary Table 23) applied to each study’s results prior to meta-analysis.
