One notable limitation of the current study is that fact that while behavioral disinhibition was assessed at both waves, executive functions were only assessed at Wave 2. Hence, it was not possible to examine how age 12 behavioral disinhibition related to concurrent response inhibition, only how it related to later response inhibition at age 17, leaving open the question of whether the concurrent relation would be similar to the longitudinal relation. Nevertheless, our longitudinal design was unique in that we were able to determine that behavioral disinhibition early in adolescence predicted response inhibition much later in adolescence. In this regard, we found that the strength of both the phenotypic and genetic relations between the latent factors was equally strong at both waves, despite the fact that there was a 5-year separation between the age 12 behavioral disinhibition assessment and age 17 response inhibition assessment. Similarly, in a previous study utilizing data from this twin sample, we found that attention problems throughout childhood and adolescence also showed remarkable stability in their relations to response inhibition. In fact, attention problems as early
