Chunk #40 — 6.0 Simulation Studies — 6.1 Demonstration of Bias as a Poor Performance Measure

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Modification of the Sandwich Estimator in Generalized Estimating Equations with Correlated Binary Outcomes in Rare Event and Small Sample Settings.

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A measure of performance usually used in evaluating a new statistic is the bias; the difference between the estimator’s true variance and its mean estimated variance. Estimators with a positive bias have underestimated the true variance, while those with a negative bias have overestimated the true variance.