(as indicated by two or more DSM-IV PTSD symptoms). PTSD diagnoses required three or more of the seven DSM-IV dependence criteria in lifetime period. The NESARC asked 23 questions, one or two for each type of traumatic experience. Twenty-two questions were about events that qualify as traumatic events in DSM-IV, and the last question inquired about “any other extremely stressful or traumatic experience.” Questions about having experienced/witnessed a terrorist attack included one question for “any terrorist attack” and an additional question addressing the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Finally, the NESARC allowed for examination of other types of traumatic events experienced during a war, revolutionary or armed conflict, as a military combat, relief worker, unarmed civilian or refugee. Test–retest reliability coefficients for lifetime and 12-month PTSD diagnoses were fair to good (κ= 0.64 and 0.77, respectively; Ruan et al., 2008).
