Youth were more likely to use any substance when parents drank alcohol more frequently (p = .02; RR = 1.90 for parents drinking 10+ days vs. 0 days in past month). This association was especially strong for youth use of alcohol in particular (RR = 5.25 vs. 1.90). Youth were more likely to use any substance when parents used nicotine (RR = 1.91, p = .02) or cannabis (RR = 2.19, p = .05; p = .06 after FDR adjustment) in the past month. Associations with parent alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis use remained statistically significant when covarying parent alcohol and nicotine use before the pandemic, suggesting these factors had acute effects. Associations between parent alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis use and youth use of any substance did not vary significantly by youth sex. Associations varied significantly by youth age for parent alcohol use (p = .05; p = .18 after FDR adjustment) but not nicotine or cannabis use: Parent alcohol use was more strongly associated with youth use among older youth (Figure 4).
