of desire for alcohol (suggesting low genetic risk), or a reaction to specific experiences such as observing the negative effects of alcoholism on relatives (suggesting a high level of genetic risk). As a result, the inclusion of both male and female subjects in the analyses confounds the results; male-only analyses have lower power, but show stronger associations. Including sex as a covariate is insufficient to address the differences between the sexes due to the large discrepancy in both variance and mean of maximum drinks and the small number of women represented among AD cases.
