subset of phenotypes, but not the more general liability). In the context of neuroticism, for example, we identified 69 loci that were significantly involved in one manifestation of neuroticism but whose effects were not shared through a common factor, offering novel evidence of biological heterogeneity in the etiology of a construct long thought to be unidimensional. Because Genomic SEM relies only on GWAS summary data, it can be applied to a broad spectrum of traits, including social, economic, cognitive, and psychiatric outcomes.