RAW 264.7 macrophages were purchased from American Type Culture Collection and maintained in Dulbecco’s modified medium (Invitrogen Life Technologies) containing 10% FBS (HyClone). PD98059 and 4-methylpyrazole and cyanamide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. LPS (Echerichia coli strain 0111:B4) was from Difco and NFκB oligo synthesized by Oligos.