Studies examining genetic and environmental risks for nicotine dependence have shown that there is an interaction between environmental factors and the rs16969968 variant that has an effect on smoking. The genetic risk associated with rs16969968 was reduced in subjects with high levels of parent monitoring and increased in subjects with low levels of parent monitoring (23). Interaction between childhood adversity and rs16969968 is also associated with the risk for nicotine dependence in men (148): Among men who experienced childhood adversity, individuals who carry the AA risk genotype have the highest risk of developing nicotine dependence compared with individuals who carry the GA or GG genotype.
