Samples of populations with European ancestry from the AOU, version 7, and the IB datasets25,34 were used as testing datasets. The AOU is a national research resource with participants from diverse backgrounds and conditions.42 The IB is a statewide collaboration that provides centralized processing and storage of specimens that are linked to participants’ electronic medical information. For both the AOU and IB cohorts, AUD status was determined based on ICD-9 or ICD-10 codes. Those who were aged 21 years or older and without AUD status were considered as controls. We did not exclude those having other substance use disorders from the controls, due to the large numbers of controls and the small prevalence of AUD and substance use disorders in both the AOU and IB cohorts.
