set of alleles and/or single genes and have limited power to account for gene–gene and gene–environment interactions. The development of effective individualized treatments for smoking cessation will likely require that future pharmacogenetic studies evaluate these multifactorial interactions. However, despite such challenges, access to larger populations and more detailed information regarding the molecular genetics of nicotine dependence and smoking cessation should lead to better optimization of cessation approaches, and to a reduction in overall smoking prevalence.
