There is also evidence that ELS impacts PFC development. Specifically, maternal separation in rats affects the development of the medial PFC by reducing glucocorticoid receptors, increasing synaptic density, and enlarging this region which is consistent with the stress vulnerability and emotionality observed in maternally separated non-human primates (Sanchez et al., 2001; Sullivan and Gratton, 2002). Recently, the medial PFC has been implicated in the inoculation effect of previous control over stressful stimulation on later responses to stressors (Amat et al., 2006). It has been argued that adverse early experiences may disrupt the development of medial and related regions in the PFC, thus increasing the risk of both helpless responses to stressors and attention regulatory problems (Sullivan and Brake, 2003). For example, low parental nurturance has been associated with both right-biased anterior EEG asymmetry and elevated glucocorticoid levels among human toddlers and preschoolers (Dawson and Ashman, 2000; Gunnar and Donzella, 2002; Hane and Fox, 2006). In addition to parent and teacher reports that children who have experienced ELS demonstrate attention and self-regulation problems (Kreppner et al., 2001; Provence and Lipton, 1962;
