Using Genomic Structural Equation Modeling (9), we conducted multivariate GWASs analyses by estimating SNP associations with the AUDIT latent genetic factors from the best-fitting model. The details of these analyses are described in the Supplementary Material 5.1. Individual SNP effects were estimated for the latent genetic factors in each model if they (i) were available in all univariate summary statistics, (ii) had a minor allele frequency ≥.5%, and (iii) were present in the 1000 Genomes Phase 3 v5 reference panel. The effective sample size for each latent factor was estimated using the approach described by Mallard and colleagues (16).
