To date, researchers have investigated a single-question screener for substance use in primary care (Smith et al., 2009; Smith et al., 2010), as well as a two-item screener for SUDs to facilitate detection of SUDs and treatment (Brown et al., 2001). The single-question screener identifies substance use (“How many times in the past year have you used an illegal drug or used a prescription medication for nonmedical reasons?”); a response of at least one time to the question is considered positive for drug use (Smith et al., 2010). This single screening question was found to have a high level of accuracy in identifying drug use in primary care patients, supporting its use as a brief screen (self-reported current drug use: sensitivity=92.9; specificity=94.1). The two-item screener includes questions similar to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) dependence criteria to identify individuals with a SUD (“In the last year, have you ever drunk or used drugs more than you meant to?” and “Have you felt you wanted or needed to cut down on your drinking or drug use in
