Many studies have demonstrated a link between retrospectively documented childhood stressors and AUDs and DD [13–20]. The NESARC community survey showed that experiencing at least two childhood SLEs significantly increased the risk of AD [19]. However, unlike other psychiatric disorders, there can be a gating effect between proximal stressor and distal outcome because access to alcohol/drug is essential for the development of AUDs and DD. Therefore, restrictive or permissive environments for alcohol/drug use are moderating influences on disease outcome.
