shown that consistent with these data in mice, physical aggression of boys during childhood is associated with reduced plasma levels of cytokines later in early adulthood [32]. Compared to the control group, men on a chronic physical aggression trajectory from childhood to adolescence had consistently lower plasma levels of five cytokines: pro-inflammatory interleukins IL-1α and IL-6, anti-inflammatory interleukin IL-4 and IL-10, and chemokine IL-8. However, the mechanisms that differentially regulate cytokine expression in white blood cells in chronically aggressive humans are unknown.
