< .05; AAB: Δχ2 (2) = 642.58, p < .05), indicating that the means and variances for CD and AAB were larger for males than females. Thus, in all sex-limited biometric models, the means and variances for CD and AAB were allowed to vary across sex. It was because of the sex differences in phenotypic variances that a model testing exact equality (often referred to as an ‘equality’ or ‘null’ model) of A, C, and E estimates for males and females was not considered.
