CS/DS is reported to influence the recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells in a thioglycollate-induced inflammatory model in a supposedly P-selectin manner 49. RANTES, a leukocyte-recruiting chemokine, also interacts with IdoA-containing segments in CS/DS 50. An essential step during extravasation is the increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on endothelial cells. IdoA in CS/DS induces endothelial expression of ICAM-1 mediated by nuclear factor-kβ 45 (Fig. 4G). Interestingly, macrophages are reported to produce CS/DS containing up to 70% of IdoA 51. After lipopolysaccharide stimulation, macrophages predominantly secrete CS/DS, either as free chains or bound to the serglycin core protein.
