Measures of homogeneity indicated heterogeneity of both PAE (Q=910, df=15, p<0.0001; I2=98%) and COA studies (Q=103,928, df=25, p<0.0001; I2=100%), with moderate between-study variability for PAE (ζ2 =0.41) but low between-study variability for COA (ζ2 =0.009) studies. The overall LOR computed from the random effects model for the PAE domain, shown as the red diamond at the bottom of Figure 2A, was 1.13 (95% CI = [0.77, 1.49]), indicating higher rates of ADHD in children with PAE compared to children without PAE (Q=910.56, df=15, p<0.001). The resulting odds ratio (derived from OR = exp(LOR)) and 95% CI was 3.10 [2.16, 4.44] for ADHD in children with PAE. The overall random effects LOR for COA literature, shown as the blue diamond at the bottom of Figure 2B, was 0.72 (95% CI = [0.66, 0.78]), also signifying higher rates of ADHD in COA compared to controls (Q=103,929, df=25, p<0.001). The odds ratio for COA = 2.05 (95% CI = [1.93, 2.18]).
