A substantial amount of research has focused on identifying gender differences in perceptions of drinking outcomes among adults. While most studies demonstrate a greater relationship between positive expectancies and alcohol use variables in men than women (Cooper et al., 1992; Johnson & Glassman, 1999), findings regarding the relationship between expectancy domains and degrees of expectancies for men and women are equivocal across gender. Some findings suggest that men have more positive expectancies, especially beliefs regarding alcohol and the reduction of tension and negative affect than women (Brown, Goldman, Inn, & Anderson, 1980). Conversely, women were more likely to expect increased physical and social pleasure (Williams & Ricciardelli, 1996) and assertiveness (Baldwin, Oei, & Young, 1993) than men.
