Several limitations in these analyses are noteworthy. First, as discussed previously, the current study did not incorporate an experience sampling methodology.64 As a consequence, we did not have the ability to evaluate mood symptoms as they might occur on a daily basis or might be linked to subsequent alcohol consumption within a limited time interval. However, this type of methodology is less feasible when attempting to link behavior changes over extended periods of time. It would also be challenging to use this methodology to establish transition to the new onset of a substance use disorder or provide evidence for the development of a chronic dependent condition in a population-based sample. Second, although using the population-based sample reduces selection biases that would likely occur within a clinical context, the potential for misclassification bias may occur due to differential reporting of self-medication. Individuals need to be aware of their behavior in order to acknowledge self-medication and to report its occurrence. Some individuals with mood conditions may consume alcohol without the insight that their consumption may be an attempt to alleviate negative affect.
