This phenomenon may result, in part, from racial socialization. Both African American adults and youth encounter racism on a daily basis (Brody, 2006a; Kessler, Mickelson, & Williams, 1999; Landrine & Klonoff, 1996). Racial socialization refers, in part, to the process in which African American parents discuss with children the reality of negative stereotypes and racial discrimination, the value of ethnic pride, and the need to manage one’s behavior to reduce the likelihood of discriminatory actions; one example is to avoid substance use (Brody et al., 2006b; Thornton, Chatters, Taylor, & Allen, 1990).
