activities necessary to obtain the substance, use the substance, or recover from its effects, (5) important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of substance use, and (6) the substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance. Each item could be answered with yes or no, and participants were considered to have cannabis abuse/dependence if they endorsed at least one or more of four DSM-IV abuse or three or more of six DSM-IV dependence criteria (not including withdrawal, and regardless of whether the criteria clustered in a 12 month period or not [American Psychiatric Association, 2000]).
