GWAS summary statistics for the MVP dataset were downloaded from the dbGaP (phs001672) (N = 202 004, with 34 658 cases and 167 346 controls). FinnGen release r9 (N = 377 277, with 15 715 cases and 361 562 controls) was downloaded from the FinnGen study site.39 The AUD status of samples in the MVP and FinnGen datasets was determined using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) or International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes. For the UKBB dataset, the GWAS of the AUDIT problem subscale (N = 121 604) was provided by the authors.37 All 3 GWASs were limited to populations of European ancestry. Palindromic SNVs were excluded to avoid strand ambiguity. Meta-analysis was performed to estimate SNV effects by using METAL software (University of Michigan) weighted by effective sample sizes, which were calculated as follows: 4/(1/No. of cases + 1/No. of controls).40,41 We used effective sample sizes due to the small percentages of cases in these cohorts. For the UKBB dataset, we used an AUDIT score of 12 or greater (range, 0-40) to determine the number
