subsequent NR. The likelihood of AR was increased in the first three years after becoming a parent for the first time (Dawson et al., 2006b). Other examples of pseudo-prospective approaches utilizing general population samples include a study in which past-year treatment was associated with a 10% increase in past month abstinence and binge-free drinking (Cunningham, 2005). Despite their strengths, time-dependent survival models are susceptible to bias. The salience of factors may differ for recovered and unrecovered individuals, resulting in differential recall and detection bias, and errors in recalling dates may affect the ordering of events and thus their associations with recovery.
