Since the discovery of a negative response-locked ERP component prompted by incorrect choice reactions, then termed the error negativity (Ne) or error-related negativity (ERN; e.g. Falkenstein et al., 2000; Gehring et al., 1993), there has been a growing interest in medial frontal negativities associated with performance monitoring involving activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (e.g., for reviews, Hoffmann and Falkenstein, 2012; van Veen and Carter, 2002; van Noordt and Segalowitz, 2012). An ERN-like component can also be observed in the absence of an erroneous response, that is, for correct choices; however, this correct response negativity (CRN/Nc) is substantially smaller and largely masked in surface potentials, and was only discovered by use of the surface Laplacian (Vidal et al., 2000). Notably, a CRN can also be observed in stimulus-locked CSD waveforms recorded during a typical oddball paradigm (Kayser and Tenke, 2006a).
