at baseline had significant positive association with AR (p=.037) as well as a positive association of marginal significance (p=.072) with NR. Only about 10% of the individuals who had a first child <3 years prior to baseline reported an infant <1 year of age living in the household, less than would be expected if the births had been distributed evenly over the follow-up interval and all children had remained in the household. This suggests that some baseline alcohol dependent individuals who had recently become parents were no longer living with the child in question, possibly because of having separated from the custodial parent, had the child removed by legal authorities or voluntarily given the child up for adoption or foster care. Thus, the associations of AR and NR with having an infant in the household may represent recovered individuals being more likely still to be living with their offspring (selectivity) rather than a direct protective effect of parenthood.
