example, by providing training and support on coping with emotional stress and physical tension that may trigger self-medication (Berking et al., 2011) in addition to providing alternative outlets for positive reinforcement (Goldstein et al., 2013). Understanding individuals’ positive and negative reinforcement profiles can also provide important information for personalized medicine. There is preliminary evidence for effectiveness of tailoring pharmacotherapies to AD patients based on their positive and negative reinforcement tendencies (Mann et al., 2018; Roos, Mann, & Witkiewitz, 2017). For example, acamprosate has been found to be particularly effective for treating patients whose alcohol use disorder is maintained by drinking to relieve negative affect (Roos et al., 2017).
