well as the negative influence of adverse environments. In this way, it is possible that genetic variants reflect plasticity factors rather than vulnerability factors. Under this view, parental monitoring interacts with the combined genetic/physiological endophenotype (i.e., S allele and low sensitivity to the effects of alcohol) to lead to positive or negative outcomes, depending on whether the monitoring is low, moderate, or high. Future work is necessary to directly test the differential susceptibility hypothesis (see, for example, Widaman et al., 2012).
