µs (20–80%, measured by switching the open tip of the patch pipettes between normal and 10fold-diluted extracellular solution). Deactivation and desensitization of AMPARs were characterized by time constants derived from bi-exponential fits to the decay phase of the respective currents; weighted tau (τw) was calculated as τw = (τf * af)+(τs * as), where af and as are the relative amplitudes of the fast (τf) and slow (τs) exponential components. Quality of the fit result was judged from the χ2 deviations. Curve fitting and further data analysis were done with Igor Pro 4.05A Carbon.