instance, TNF-α, a cytokine produced upon TLR4 activation, drives AMPA receptor internalization in MSNs of the DS reducing AMPA/NMDA ratio driven currents (Lewitus et al. 2014). Our RNA-sequencing analysis provides further evidence that neuroimmune signaling is involved in the genetic risk for AUD, and follow up studies will be necessary to examine how differential expression of these numerous immune-related genes may contribute to the distinct DS excitability and neurotransmission we have previously described in HAP and LAP mice (Fritz et al. 2019).
