to impact parent and family functioning. In contrast, given normative desistance trends in alcohol/drug abuse, and criminal behavior (Bachman et al. 2002; Sampson and Laub 1990), these problems may have occurred primarily during parents’ adolescence and young adulthood. While such problems may have conferred a genetic vulnerability for adolescent psychopathology and suicidal behavior, they may not have ongoing impacts on daily living and family functioning. It is also possible that participants had less exposure to parents with histories of substance abuse or criminality, given findings suggesting that parents with such histories were less likely to live with their children.
