AA target datasets were drawn from 3 sources: the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA: N = 3375) [26], Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment (SAGE: N = 930) [27], and YalePenn (N = 2010) [28]. COGA is a family cohort, in which alcohol-dependent probands and their family members from inpatient and outpatient alcohol dependence treatment facilities in seven sites were invited to participate. COGA also recruited community comparison families from a variety of sources in the same areas [26, 29]. The study was approved by Institutional review boards from all sites. Every participant provided informed consent. The Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) was administered to individuals 18 or over and the child version of the SSAGA was used for those younger than 18 [30, 31]. SAGE (phs000092.v1.p1, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/study.cgi?study_id=phs000092.v1.p1) and YalePenn (phs000425.v1.p1, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/study.cgi?study_id=phs000425.v1.p1) were downloaded from dbGaP. Since COGA had more phenotypic information, if a sample in the COGA dataset was also in SAGE and/or YalePenn, it was only analyzed as part of the COGA data. SAGE and YalePenn were mixes of related and unrelated
