To identify phenotypes that were associated with the addiction-rf before the onset of regular substance use, we used data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD®) Study release 2.0 for genome data and 3.0 for phenotypes to conduct a phenome-wide association analysis of behavioral, social, and environmental phenotypes in adolescence. The ABCD Study is an ongoing multi-site longitudinal study of child health and development (see Online Methods for details)31,74. Children (N=11,875; including twins and siblings) ages 8.9–11 were recruited from 22 sites across the United States to complete the ABCD Study baseline assessment. We restricted our sample to participants of genomically-confirmed European ancestry (based on principal components) who were not missing any covariate measures (N=4,490).
