Chi-square tests of association were conducted to test for differences in rates of use and endorsement of CUD symptoms (one or more) by race/ethnicity within the AA and EA subsamples. Independent t-tests were conducted to test for differences in age at first use, age at onset of first CUD symptom, rate of transition from first use to first symptom by race/ethnicity. Chi-square tests of association to test for differences in rates of PTSD, MDD, and trauma exposure by race were also conducted. All analyses were conducted taking familial clustering into account using the cluster command as implemented in Stata (StataCorp, 2007).