ADS cells were obtained from Invitrogen (catalogue no. R7788110) and cultured under recommended conditions. ADS cells were grown in 10-cm2 dishes (5,000 cells cm−2). For making iPSCs, ADS cells (3,000 cm−2) were plated in six-well plates. The cells were infected with the combination of human reprogramming retroviruses (MYC, KLF4, OCT4, or SOX2 in pMXs; Addgene) that had been produced in 293T cells co-transfected with gag/pol and VSV-Gas described earlier. On day 5, cells were passed onto 6-cm dishes without MEFs. Cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 plus 20% knockout serum replacement (KSR) medium supplemented with β-mercaptoethanol (0.1%), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) (1×), Glutamax (1%), and 10 ng ml−1 FGF2. Medium was changed every day. On days 18–28, individual colonies were picked and cultured feeder-free in defined mTeSR1 medium on plates coated with Matrigel (BD Biosciences). The profiled ADS-iPSC clone was assayed for pluripotency by analysis of the transcript abundance of pluripotency markers, and in vitro and in vivo (teratoma) differentiation into three germ layers, as described previously19. For differentiation from ADS cells to mature adipocytes in vitro, ADS cells (10,000 cm−2)
