Our primary outcomes, measures of past-year substance use disorders, were measured using the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-5 (AUDADIS-5; Grant et al., 2015). For each substance, participants were asked if they had experienced 11 different symptoms, which were aligned with DSM-V diagnostic criteria (sample item: “Give up or cut down on activities that you were interested in or that gave you pleasure in order to [use substance]”). Consistent with DSM-V cutoffs (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), we coded individuals as having a level of symptoms consistent with SUD if they experienced at least 2 symptoms within the past year. We focus on four different SUDs: AUD, TUD, CUD, and OUD. For AUD, questions referred to alcohol. For TUD, questions referred to “tobacco and nicotine, including cigarettes, cigars, a pipe, snuff, chewing tobacco, or e-cigarettes.” For the other disorders, participants answered questions about whether they experienced symptoms for any drug, then selected which drugs were associated with these symptoms. CUD was coded for symptoms related to marijuana, and OUD was coded for symptoms of prescription opioids or heroin.
