Differences in results also reflect the fact that Jaffee et al. (2004a, b) assessed corporal punishment and physical maltreatment when the child was 5-year-old. In contrast, the present study retrospectively assessed maltreatment occurring prior to age 12 when participants were an average age of 22 years old. Thus, measurement of influences on maltreatment may be obfuscated by influences on its perception and retrospective recall in the present study.
