Tobacco use is associated with considerable economic, social and personal costs [5] and estimated to be involved in 4 million deaths world-wide each year [6]. Alcohol is the most prevalent form of substance use during adolescence [7] and marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug by adolescents in both the United States [8] and the United Kingdom [9]. The negative consequences of substance use [10–12] have led to a significant research endeavour into the risk factors contributing to adolescent substance involvement, with the ultimate aim of developing the most effective prevention and intervention approaches.
