The Martel et al. (2009) and the Dodge et al. (2009) cascade models both provide poignant illustrations of the unfolding progression of risks that transact over development to promote substance use involvement. One limitation with these models is the focus on one risk process at a time at successive stages of development. In contrast, as is central to a transactional–organizational model of development, in ontogenesis emergent domains remain important subsequently across the life course and their current status at successive stages of development must be considered (Cicchetti & Schneider-Rosen, 1986).
