Data on parenting behaviors were drawn from the Home Environment section of adolescents’ baseline CSSAGA assessment. Items accessing parenting behaviors were adapted from the Home Environment Interview for Children (Reich, Earls, & Powell, 1988). We conducted an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with items that we considered broadly tap onto the positive parenting construct, which yielded three subscales that we labeled as parental involvement, parent-child communication, and parent-child closeness. In view of the previous findings that multiple dimensions of parenting better account for their influence on adolescent behaviors than a single dimension (Ryan et al., 2010), we used these three subscales to index positive parenting behaviors as a latent construct. The parental involvement scale asked adolescents 5 questions about whether or not their father/mother figure helped them with schoolwork, chores, fun activities, shopping, and making plans. Responses were coded as 0 (no) and 1 (yes). Scores were summed to create variables for maternal involvement and paternal involvement. The parent-child communication scale contained 3 items asking adolescents whether or not they and their father/mother figure talked about news, their problems, or other
