Secondly, further investigation of the intersection between developmental stress and alcohol exposure are needed, as few studies have combined these exposures despite significant translational relevance. As some pregnant women use alcohol as a means to cope with stress (Hanna et al., 1994; Schneider et al., 2008), understanding the consequences of concomitant prenatal alcohol and stress exposure is an important area of investigation. Though epigenetic modifications were not examined, Schneider and colleagues (1997) reported that rhesus macaques exposed to prenatal alcohol and noise stress had reduced birth weight, impaired motor coordination and response speed, and delayed motor maturity and orientation. Similarly, Alberry and Singh (2016) used a model of prenatal alcohol exposure followed by maternal separation during the neonatal period in mice. Offspring exposed to both ethanol and separation demonstrated hypoactivity and impaired performance on certain behavioral tasks. In most cases, maternal separation increased the severity of behavioral measures negatively affected by prenatal ethanol exposure; however, pairing the timing of the stress with the alcohol exposure might result in a more significant interaction. Interestingly, many of the reported effects were sex-dependent,
